Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v.)'in hayatındaki önemli olayların kapsamlı kronolojik zaman çizelgesi.
Abraha, the Abyssinian governor of Yemen, marched with a large army and war elephants to destroy the Ka'bah. Allah sent flocks of birds (Ababil) that pelted the army with stones of baked clay, completely destroying them before they could reach the sacred sanctuary.
Prophet Muhammad was born on a Monday in the month of Rabi al-Awwal in Makkah, into the noble clan of Banu Hashim of the Quraysh tribe. His father Abdullah had passed away before his birth, and he was initially nursed by Thuwaybah and then by Halimah al-Sa'diyyah in the desert.
Following the custom of the Quraysh, the infant Muhammad was sent to the desert with his wet-nurse Halimah al-Sa'diyyah of the Banu Sa'd tribe. During this time, the miraculous event of the splitting of his chest occurred, where angels cleansed his heart with Zamzam water.
When Muhammad was about six years old, his mother Aminah bint Wahb took him to visit relatives in Madinah (then Yathrib). On the return journey, she fell ill and passed away at Abwa, leaving the young Muhammad an orphan with no parents.
After Aminah's death, young Muhammad came under the care of his grandfather Abdul-Muttalib, the chief of Banu Hashim and custodian of the Ka'bah. Abdul-Muttalib loved Muhammad deeply and recognized something special about him, often giving him a seat of honor beside him.
When Abdul-Muttalib passed away, eight-year-old Muhammad came under the guardianship of his uncle Abu Talib. Though not wealthy, Abu Talib loved and protected Muhammad as his own son and would remain his staunchest protector for decades to come.
At the age of twelve, Muhammad accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on a trade caravan to Syria. During the journey, they encountered the Christian monk Bahira at Busra, who recognized signs of prophethood in the young boy and advised Abu Talib to protect him.
After witnessing an injustice against a Yemeni merchant, young Muhammad participated in Hilf al-Fudul, a pact formed by several Quraysh clans to stand up for the rights of the oppressed and ensure justice for all, regardless of tribal affiliation.
Muhammad's reputation for honesty and trustworthiness (al-Amin, al-Sadiq) led the successful businesswoman Khadijah bint Khuwaylid to hire him to manage her trade caravan to Syria. He returned with exceptional profits, and her servant Maysarah reported his outstanding character.
Impressed by his noble character, Khadijah proposed marriage to Muhammad through an intermediary. He was 25 and she was 40. Their marriage was one of deep love, mutual respect, and partnership. She bore him several children, including Fatimah, and was his greatest supporter.
When the Ka'bah was damaged by floods, the Quraysh clans rebuilt it but nearly went to war over who would have the honor of placing the Black Stone back in its corner. Muhammad, then 35, was chosen as an arbitrator. He placed the stone on a cloth and asked each clan chief to hold a corner, then placed the stone himself.
In the years before revelation, Muhammad would regularly retreat to the Cave of Hira on Jabal al-Nur (Mountain of Light) near Makkah. He would spend days and nights in contemplation and worship, pondering the meaning of creation and rejecting the idol worship of his people.
During the month of Ramadan, the angel Jibril (Gabriel) appeared to Muhammad in the Cave of Hira and commanded him to 'Read!' (Iqra). The first verses of Surah Al-Alaq were revealed, marking the beginning of the Quranic revelation that would continue for 23 years.
Shaken by the encounter with Jibril, Muhammad rushed home to Khadijah who comforted him, wrapped him in a cloak, and said, 'Allah would never disgrace you.' She immediately believed in his message and became the first Muslim. She took him to her cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal, a scholar of earlier scriptures, who confirmed the revelation.
For three years, Muhammad preached Islam secretly to close friends and family. Among the earliest believers were Ali ibn Abi Talib (his young cousin), Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (his best friend), Zayd ibn Harithah (his freed servant), and others from various social classes.
Allah commanded Muhammad to openly proclaim the message of Islam. He climbed Mount Safa and called out to the people of Quraysh, warning them of divine punishment if they continued in idolatry. His uncle Abu Lahab rejected him harshly, but the public phase of Islam had begun.
As Islam grew, the Quraysh intensified their persecution. Bilal ibn Rabah, an enslaved African Muslim, was tortured by his master Umayyah ibn Khalaf — dragged across hot sand and pressed with heavy stones. Ammar ibn Yasir and his parents, Yasir and Sumayyah, were tortured, and Sumayyah became the first martyr of Islam.
As persecution intensified, Muhammad instructed a group of Muslims to seek refuge with the just Christian king of Abyssinia, Negus (al-Najashi). About fifteen Muslims, including Uthman ibn Affan and his wife Ruqayyah (the Prophet's daughter), migrated and were granted protection.
Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, the Prophet's uncle and a renowned warrior, accepted Islam after witnessing Abu Jahl's abuse of the Prophet. Shortly after, Umar ibn al-Khattab, once a fierce opponent of Islam, dramatically converted after hearing Quran being recited in his sister's home.
The Quraysh imposed a total boycott on Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, banning all trade, marriage, and social interaction. A written pact was hung inside the Ka'bah. The Muslims endured three years of severe hardship, hunger, and isolation in the valley of Abu Talib.
Within weeks of each other, both Khadijah — the Prophet's beloved wife of 25 years — and Abu Talib — his protective uncle — passed away. The loss of his greatest personal and political supporters left Muhammad vulnerable to increased hostility from the Quraysh.
Seeking new supporters, Muhammad traveled to Ta'if and invited its leaders to Islam. Instead of listening, they rejected him and sent street urchins to stone him until his feet bled. The angel of the mountains offered to crush the city, but Muhammad prayed for their guidance instead.
In one night, Muhammad was taken by Jibril from Masjid al-Haram in Makkah to Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem (Isra), where he led all the prophets in prayer. He then ascended through the seven heavens (Mi'raj), meeting prophets at each level, and was brought into the divine presence where the five daily prayers were prescribed.
During the Hajj season, twelve men from Yathrib (Madinah) met the Prophet at Aqabah and pledged their allegiance. They accepted Islam, promising not to associate partners with Allah, not to steal, not to commit unlawful acts, and not to disobey the Prophet in what is right.
Seventy-five people from Madinah, including two women, met the Prophet secretly at night during Hajj and pledged to protect him as they would their own families. They promised to support him in war and peace, marking a full military and political alliance.
With assassination plots against him, Muhammad and Abu Bakr secretly left Makkah, hiding in the Cave of Thawr for three days before reaching Madinah. Ali ibn Abi Talib stayed behind, sleeping in the Prophet's bed to deceive the assassins. The people of Madinah joyfully welcomed them.
Upon arriving at the outskirts of Madinah in Quba, the Prophet and his companions built the first mosque in Islam. Muhammad himself laid the first stones and participated in the construction. The mosque was founded on taqwa (God-consciousness) from the very first day.
The Prophet's camel knelt at a spot in Madinah, which was chosen as the site for the mosque. Muhammad purchased the land and built the mosque together with his companions, carrying bricks and stones himself. It served as a mosque, community center, school, and headquarters for the new Muslim state.
The Prophet paired each Makkan emigrant (Muhajir) with a Madinan host (Ansari), creating bonds of brotherhood. The Ansar shared their wealth, homes, and even offered to divide their properties. This system provided the displaced Muhajirun with immediate social and economic support.
The Prophet drafted a comprehensive charter establishing the rights and duties of all citizens of Madinah — Muslims, Jews, and other groups. It guaranteed freedom of religion, mutual defense, and rule of law, creating a multi-faith civic community under a single constitution.
While leading prayer, the Prophet received revelation to turn from facing Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis) toward the Ka'bah in Makkah. Mid-prayer, the entire congregation turned around, and the mosque where this happened is known as Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Mosque of the Two Qiblahs).
The first major military encounter in Islamic history. A Muslim force of 313, poorly equipped, faced a Quraysh army of about 1,000 near the wells of Badr. Despite the odds, the Muslims achieved a decisive victory with divine aid, including angels sent to support them.
The Quraysh returned with 3,000 warriors to avenge Badr. Initially winning, the Muslim archers left their positions against the Prophet's orders, allowing a Quraysh cavalry charge from behind. The Prophet was wounded, Hamza was martyred, and rumors spread that Muhammad had died.
A coalition of 10,000 warriors from multiple tribes laid siege to Madinah. On the advice of Salman al-Farisi, a trench was dug around the city — a tactic never seen before in Arabia. The siege lasted about a month before Allah sent a fierce wind and unseen forces that scattered the enemy camp.
The Prophet set out with 1,400 companions to perform Umrah but was stopped at Hudaybiyyah by the Quraysh. After negotiations, a ten-year peace treaty was signed with terms that seemed unfavorable to the Muslims. The companions were distressed, but the Quran declared it a 'clear victory.'
The Prophet sent letters inviting major rulers to Islam, including the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, the Persian Emperor Khosrau II, the Negus of Abyssinia, the Muqawqis of Egypt, and others. Each letter bore his seal and called them to worship Allah alone.
The Muslims besieged and conquered the fortress of Khaybar, a stronghold of hostile forces that had been conspiring against the Muslim community. Ali ibn Abi Talib distinguished himself in battle. After the victory, the Jewish inhabitants were allowed to remain and farm the land under a revenue-sharing agreement.
As per the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Prophet and 2,000 Muslims entered Makkah to perform Umrah. For three days, the Muslims circled the Ka'bah and performed the rites of Umrah while the Quraysh watched from the surrounding hills. It was the first time in seven years that the Muslims had returned to Makkah.
After the Quraysh violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Prophet marched toward Makkah with 10,000 Muslims. He entered the city virtually without bloodshed, went to the Ka'bah, and destroyed the 360 idols inside and around it, proclaiming, 'Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished.'
Shortly after the conquest of Makkah, the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif assembled a large army. The Muslim army of 12,000 initially fell into an ambush in the valley of Hunayn and began to scatter. The Prophet stood firm, calling out to his companions, and with divine support, the Muslims regrouped and won.
Hearing that the Byzantine Empire was amassing forces at the Syrian border, the Prophet mobilized the largest Muslim army of 30,000 to march to Tabuk in extreme summer heat. Though no battle occurred, the expedition demonstrated the growing military strength and unity of the Muslim community.
After the conquest of Makkah, tribes from all over Arabia sent delegations to Madinah to accept Islam or establish alliances. The Prophet received each delegation with respect and dignity, teaching them the fundamentals of Islam and appointing teachers to return with them.
The Prophet performed his only complete Hajj, accompanied by over 100,000 Muslims. He meticulously taught every rite of Hajj, telling the companions, 'Learn your rites from me, for I do not know if I will be able to perform Hajj after this year.'
On the Day of Arafah during the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Prophet delivered his final public address to a vast gathering at the Mount of Arafat. He emphasized the sanctity of life and property, equality of all people, the rights of women, the abolition of usury (riba), and the bond of brotherhood among believers.
During the Farewell Pilgrimage, Allah revealed the verse: 'Today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have chosen Islam as your way of life.' When Umar ibn al-Khattab heard this verse, he wept, understanding that the completion of the message indicated the Prophet's departure was near.
Surah An-Nasr was revealed, speaking of the victory of Allah's help and the people entering Islam in multitudes. It instructed the Prophet to glorify and praise Allah and seek His forgiveness. The companions, particularly Abu Bakr and Ibn Abbas, understood this as an indication of the Prophet's approaching end.
The Prophet fell ill with a severe fever. During his illness, he instructed Abu Bakr to lead the prayers in his place. He continued to advise his community, emphasizing the importance of prayer and the kind treatment of those under one's care. He spent his final days in the apartment of Aisha.
On Monday, 12th Rabi al-Awwal, the Prophet Muhammad passed away in the apartment of Aisha, with his head resting on her lap. His last words included, 'With the highest companion' (Ar-Rafiq al-A'la). The news shook the entire community. Umar initially refused to believe it, until Abu Bakr addressed the people.
Bu zaman çizelgesi Peygamber biyografisindeki (Siyer) önemli olayları vurgular.
Sallallahu Aleyhi ve Sellem
